proximal fifth metatarsal fractures: anatomy, classification, treatment and complications

evidence acquisition a search of pubmed for studies on proximal fifth metatarsal fracture and jones fracture focusing on the classification and management was performed. the reference list of the retrieved articles was searched for additional related studies. conclusions lawrence and botte’s classification of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures is recommended by experts, due to its implication on prognosis and treatment strategy. zone 1 fractures should be treated conservatively due to their excellent healing potential. early operative treatment is advised for zone 2 and zone 3 fractures, especially in the athletic group. complications of delayed :union:, non-:union: and refractures should be treated by revision fixation and bone grafting. results the vascular supply and soft tissue anatomy of the fifth metatarsal explains the increased risk of delayed :union: and non-:union: in fractures at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. lawrence and botte classify proximal fifth metatarsal fractures according to their location: tuberosity avulsion fractures (zone 1), fractures at metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction extending into the fourth-fifth intermetatarsal joint (zone 2) and proximal diaphyseal fractures (zone 3). zone 1 fractures are treated conservatively with functional immobilization and early mobilization with excellent outcome. for zone 2 and zone 3 fractures, acute forms can be treated conservatively but with a risk of delayed :union: time and time for return to function. therefore, early surgical fixation with intramedullary screw is advised in athletic individuals. for cases presented with signs of delayed :union: and non-:union:, surgical treatment with or without bone grafting is recommended. complications of these fractures and their management are discussed in this report. context fractures of proximal fifth metatarsal are one of the most common fractures of the foot.